The Ins and Outs of the Music Industry Essay - 1886 Words

I propose that all unsigned rising artist should target the business side of the music industry to be successful in the entertainment business because it allows the artist to be taken seriously and make solid connections that can further his/her career. Learning the works of the music industry also enables a new artist to be further successful and profitable. Recent studies show that most new artists without professional representation and a business mindset have a slimmer chance in getting signed to major or independent labels (Lowry, 2011). Overall, the specific change needed is that unsigned artists should be concentrating on their careers as professionals and not amateurs, thus focusing on the ins and outs of the music business and†¦show more content†¦To put it differently, Malcolm Gladwell mentions in his book The Tipping Point, the theory of The Law of the Few, which consist of connectors, mavens, and salesmen. In this particular topic an artist manager would be considered a Maven, Connectors would be the label head or person signing your contract, and salesmen would be promoters and marketing directors. Following this through, take pop phenomenon, Justin Beiber, for instance; Justin was found on YouTube by Atlanta based manager, Scooter Braun (Kaufman, 2010). As stated by Gladwell, â€Å"Mavens are people who have a strong compulsion to help others† (69). A manager in music is somewhat similar; a manager’s job is to handle the business of an artist, making sure the labels are doing their job and helps the artist keep their focus on music (About.com: Music Careers). Continuing on, manager Scooter Braun insisted on meeting the soon to be pop sensation, so he set up a meeting with Justin and his mom where Justin would have then accidentally run into RB superstar Usher (Kaufman, 2010). Usher, in this case would be referred to as the connector, an individual who has many ties in many realms and act as the passage between them . Ushers role would be connector since he landed Justin a professional deal and formed a joint-venture label with Braun and Antonio L.A. Reid, theShow MoreRelatedMy Passion For Music And The Music Industry1232 Words   |  5 Pagesa passion for music and the music industry, and my parents and I both knew that I was not going for school, unless it was for something music related. The music industry is such a broad category and there are so many moving parts within this sector. I chose music promotion for my career project, because it would allow me to go in and out of different departments within the music industry, along being able to work alongside creative individuals for artists. Pursuing a career in music promotion wouldRead MoreUp On Downloading798 Words   |  4 PagesAbberger  1 English  111  03B 04  Sept.  2013 Is  the  Music  Industry  in  a  Crisis? In  Elaine’s  McArdle’s  essay  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Up  on  downloading,†Ã‚  three  Harvard  Law  school Professors  William  Fisher  III,  Charles  Nesson  and  Jonathan  Zittrain  come  together  to discuss  solutions  for  illegal  downloading  of  music.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In  this  essay,the  music  industry claims  it  has  a  money  crisis.  (McArdle  1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  I  think  Ã‚  perhaps  it  is  Ã‚  really  a  Ã‚  marketing  and a  technology  issue.  Ã‚  The  music  industry  has  so  many  more  resources  now  then  it  has   ever  had  in  the  pastRead MoreThe Freeloaders, by Megan McArdle: Article Analysis on Illegal Music Download1035 Words   |  5 Pagesthink about free music downloading? Do you think it should be allowed or not? The article entitled â€Å"The Freeloaders,† written by Megan McArdle, is based on the issue that many people are sharing and downloading music files for free, and that many people accept this behavior. It is also based on how the music file-sharing is affecting the success of music industry negatively. While McArdle is persuasive when she claims that music file-sharing is not benefiting the music industry and the entertainmentRead More Piracy of Digitized Music Essay1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe music industry has developed in a series of technological advances, from the development of vinyl to the digitization of music and the creation of formats such as compact disc (CD), digital audiotape, and minidisk (Leyshon 2001). Although the digitized music fa cilitates consumers, it causes the appearance of piracy and the drop of sales. The subject of piracy has occurred for a certain period. Since 1920s, music piracy has appeared into the world with the production of cassette tapes, voiceRead MoreThe Introduction Of Music File Sharing In The Music Industry1115 Words   |  5 Pagesand change as the trends began to foreshadow the concept of file sharing within the music industry, music labels were forced to transfer their power into the consumers hands. One of the commonly cited causes for the lack of success of organizational change is â€Å"resistance to change.† (Palmer) Streaming music also known as downloading music are common legal terms used in todays age to describe how to acquire music, however in less than twenty years ago the idea of file sharing was deemed a no-no.Read MoreEssay on Music Copyright Infringement1224 Words   |  5 PagesMusic Copyright Infringement MP3 is an audio format that allows users to compress and send music files easily over the Internet. The major problem with this music sharing is that most of the files are pirated, which has caused a stir in the music industry. Music companies and music artists have been complaining about how their music is being stolen and therefore lowering their album sales. The major blame has been put on Napster and other file sharing software available on the InternetRead MoreHow Music Industry And Artists Have Been Affected By The Internet- 3rd Draft1559 Words   |  7 PagesDecember 2015 How Music Industry and Artists Have Been Affected by the Internet- 3rd Draft Technology in this digital age has led to drastic changes in many sectors of life, especially needs to technology such as Internet as an information and connection resource. In fact, music has continually evolved at a rapid rate, and the music industry is struggling to keep up the pace. Issues ranging from illegally downloading and sharing of music, piracy to inevitable disputes over sites offering music streamingRead MoreTechnology Is Destroying The Music Industry1608 Words   |  7 PagesEvery adult, over the age of 18, has seen the changes the music industry has gone through since the introduction of the internet, digital downloading, and online streaming. We have heard that Tapes, CDs, MP3s, and the internet were going to destroy the industry. Have they destroyed it yet? According to Ian Morris, Author of the article, Technology is Destroying the Music Industry, Which is Great for the Next Taylor Swift, music is changing but the only thing the internet is destroying are the reco rdRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Music Industry1686 Words   |  7 Pages1877 to cassettes to digital recording in 1987 to MP3 in 1990 and to iTunes in 2003, the music industry has become an important global industry in last 50 years. The evolution of the music industry has given a boom to the economic activity in many geographical scales. Technological development has been playing an effective role for the evolution of the music industries. Looking back at the success of these music businesses, it used to be all about fun, dignity, entertainment and business. There wereRead MoreA Brief Note On Hip Rap And Hip Hop And Rap Industry830 Words   |  4 Pagesof artists gain the ability to diversify their music. Yo Yo Honey Singh, is a prime example of an artist who used the high exposure to introduce a new and exciting style of music to the Bollywood industry. Bollywood being the largest movie producing industry in the world, is known for its native and colorful music. Yo Yo Honey Sing h being an Indian rapper and hip hop artist, influenced the Bollywood industry by breaking free from the customary music selection and introducing a fresh taste. Yo Yo

Teen Pregnancy Issues in America Free Essays

Although the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States has declined greatly within the past few years, it is still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. These rates are still higher in the 1990’s than they were only a decade ago. The United State’s teenage birthrate exceeds that of most other industrialized nations, even though American teenagers are no more sexually active than teenagers are in Canada or Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on Teen Pregnancy Issues in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Recent statistics concerning the teen birthrates are alarming. About 560,000 teenage girls give birth each year. Almost one-sixth of all births in the United States are to eenage women are to teenage women. Eight in ten of these births resulted from unintended pregnancies. (Gormly 347) By the age of eighteen, one out of four teenage girls will have become pregnant. (Newman 679) Although the onset of pregnancy may occur in any teenager, some teens are at higher risk for unplanned pregnancy than others. Teenagers who become sexually active at an earlier age are at a greater risk primarily because young teenagers are less likely to use birthcontrol. African-American and Hispanic teenagers are twice as likely to give birth as are white teenagers. Whites are more likely to have abortions. Teenagers who come from poor neighborhoods and attend segregated schools are at a high risk for pregnancy. Also, teenagers who are doing poorly in school and have few plans for the future are more likely to become parents than those who are doing well and have high educationsl and occupational expectations. Although the rate of teenage pregnancy is higher among low- income African-Americans and Hispanics, especially those in inner city ghettoes, the number of births to teenagers is highest among white, nonpoor young women who live in mall cities and towns. (Calhoun 309) In addition to the question of which teenagers become pregnant, interest is shown in the social consequences of early parenthood. Adolescent parents (mostly mothers) may find that they have a â€Å"lost or limited opportunity for education. (Johnson 4) The higher a woman’s level of education, the more likely she is to postpone marriage and childbearing. Adolescents with little schooling are often twice as likely as those with more education to have a baby bafore their twentieth birthday. Some 58% of young women in he United States who receive less than a high school education give birth by the time they are twenty years old, compared with 13% of young women who complete at least twelve years of schooling. (Tunick 11) Teens who become pregnant during high school are more likely to drop out. Calhoun 310) A teen mother leaves school because she cannot manage the task of caring for a baby and studying, and a teen father usually chooses a job over school so that he can pay bills and provide for his child. (Johnson 4) Teen mothers usually have fewer resources than older mothers because they have had less time to gather avings or build up their â€Å"productivity† through work experience, education, or training. (Planned Parenthood 1) Because of this, teen mothers are generally poor and are dependent on government support. Newman 679) The welfare system is usually the only support a teen parent will receive. Welfare benefits are higher for families with absent fathers or dependent children. (Calhoun 309) In some cases, teen mothers may also receive help like Medicaid, Food Stamps, and â€Å"Aid to Families with Dependent Besides educational and financial problems, teenage mothers may face a great deal f emotional strain and may become very stressed. Teen mothers may have limited social contacts and friendships because they do not have time for anything other than their baby. Lack of a social life and time for herself may cause the teenage mother to become depressed or have severe mental anxiety. (Johnson 5) Depression may become worse for a teenage mother because she usually does not know much about child development or about how to care for their children. Children who are born to teenage mothers usually suffer from poor parenting. (Berk 188) Also, children of teenage parents start being exually active before their peers and they are more likely to become teenage parents themselves. These children may also suffer from financial difficulties similar to that of their parents. Children whose mothers are age seventeen or younger are three times as likely as their peers to be poor, and are likely to stay poor for a longer period of time. † (Calhoun 311) The children born to teenage mothers sometimes score lower on development tests than the children of older mothers. It seems that â€Å"rather than declining over time, educational deficits increase in severity and the children show lower academic chievement, higher drop out rates, and are more likely to be held back in school. † Teenage pregnancy comes with not only a child, but also many consequences. Teen mothers face greater health risks than older mothers, such as anemia, pregnancy induced hypertension, toxemia, premature delivery, cervical trauma, and even death. Many of these health risks are due to inadequate prenatal care and support, rather than physical immaturity. The teenage mother is more likely to be undernourished and suffer premature and prolonged labor. (Calhoun 311) The death rate from pregnancy omplications are much higher among girls who give birth under age fifteen. (Gormly 347) Poor eating habits, smoking, alcohol and drugs increase the risk of having a baby with health problems. Johnson 3) The younger the teenage mother is, the higher the chances are that she and her baby will have health problems. This is mainly due to late prenatal care (if any) and poor nutrition. (Planned Parenthood 1) An adolescent mother and her baby may not get enough nutrients and, because the mother’s body is not fully mature, she may have many complications throughout the duration of the pregnancy. Along with the mother, the children of teenage parents too often become part of a cycle of poor health, school failure, and poverty. Infants born to teenage mothers are at a high risk of prematurity, fragile health, the need for intensive care, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and mental retardation. (Johnson 5) Low birth weight is the most immediate health problem. Babies born to teenagers are often born too small, too soon. Low birthweight babies may have immature organ systems (brain, lungs, and heart), difficulty controlling body temperature and blood sugar levels, and a risk of dying in early infancy that is much igher than that of normal weight babies (five and one-half pounds or more). Calhoun 310) â€Å"The death rate for babies whose mothers are under fifteen years of age is double that of babies whose mothers are twenty to thirty years old. † (Johnson 5) Because of these extremely serious problems, many government, as well as local, organizations are fighting to stop the occurence of teenage pregnancy by helping to educate children of the risks involved and the consequences after. Some research indicates that â€Å"the percentage of teenage birthrates has declined simply because fewer eenagers are having sexual intercourse and more adolescents are using contraceptives. Researchers say that the recent trends in sexual activity and contraceptive use are the result of a number of factors, including greater emphasis on abstinence, more conservative attitudes about sex, fear of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, the popularity of long-lasting birthcontrol methods such as the contraceptive implant (Norplant) and the injectable (Depo-Provera), and even because of the economy. In addition, researchers say that young people have become somewhat more conservative in their views about casual ex and out-of-wedlock childbearing. Some attribute this change in attitude mainly to concern about sexually transmitted diseases. Others say that it is because of the involvement of conservative religious groups in the public debate over sexual behavior. Many researchers believe that the strong economy and the increasing availability of jobs at minimum wage have contributed to fewer births among teenagers. (Donovan 32) Americans, however, seem to be against some of the methods used by these various organizations to reduce the teen pregnancy rates. The most controversial aspect of adolescent pregnancy prevention is the growing movement to provide teenagers with easy access to contraceptives. † Most Americans believe that giving teenagers birthcontrol pills and/or condoms is the same as telling them that early sex is allowed. Some studies that were conducted in Europe show that some clinics in Europe that distribute contraceptives to teenagers have the same sexual activity rate as in the United States. However, in these European studies, it is apparent that teen pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates are Teenage pregnancy does cause many problems for the mother, child, and economy. There are, however, some incidences where the mother overcomes this down-hill trend and makes a successful life for her and her child. The outcome of teenage pregnancy turns out better if the mother goes back to school after she has given birth. (Berk 190) Staying in school may help to prevent teenage mothers from having a second pregnancy. (Planned Parenthood 2) The outcome is also better if the mother continues to live with her parents so that they can help to raise the child. Young, teen mothers need health care for themselves as well as their children. An adolescent mother also needs a great deal of encouragement to get her to remain in school. Single teenage mothers also need job training so that they can get a good job to support themselves and their children. Teen mothers need to be taught parenting and life-management skills and also need high quality and affordable daycare for their children. Schools that provide daycare centers on campus reduce the incidence of teenagers dropping out of school. These school programs also ecrease the likelihood that the teen mother will have more children. Because the government has begun to take action in preventing teen pregnancies, the rate has continued to decline. The large numbers of young people in America–as well as the values, health, education, skills they gain–will greatly affect the future of society. Therefore, increased attention should be given to the well-being of adolescents. Since greater care is being given to the young people, improvements are already occuring. The level of education that young people receive is much higher than that of their parents, and he â€Å"expectation that young people should obtain at least some secondary schooling† is growing. The numbers of women who have a child during their teen years is declining, and recognizing the impact of childbearing on education, parents and communities are continuing to discourage sexual activity, marriage, and motherhood at a young age. (Tunick 13) These recent trends, if continued, will more than likely educate the adolescent population about the risks and consequences of teenage pregnancy and reduce the incicence of teen pregnancy and childbirth altogether. How to cite Teen Pregnancy Issues in America, Papers Teen Pregnancy Issues in America Free Essays Although the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States has declined greatly within the past few years, it is still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. These rates are still higher in the 1990’s than they were only a decade ago. The United State’s teenage birthrate exceeds that of most other industrialized nations, even though American teenagers are no more sexually active than teenagers are in Canada or Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on Teen Pregnancy Issues in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Recent statistics concerning the teen birthrates are alarming. About 560,000 teenage girls give birth each year. Almost one-sixth of all births in the United States are to eenage women are to teenage women. Eight in ten of these births resulted from unintended pregnancies. (Gormly 347) By the age of eighteen, one out of four teenage girls will have become pregnant. (Newman 679) Although the onset of pregnancy may occur in any teenager, some teens are at higher risk for unplanned pregnancy than others. Teenagers who become sexually active at an earlier age are at a greater risk primarily because young teenagers are less likely to use birthcontrol. African-American and Hispanic teenagers are twice as likely to give birth as are white teenagers. Whites are more likely to have abortions. Teenagers who come from poor neighborhoods and attend segregated schools are at a high risk for pregnancy. Also, teenagers who are doing poorly in school and have few plans for the future are more likely to become parents than those who are doing well and have high educationsl and occupational expectations. Although the rate of teenage pregnancy is higher among low- income African-Americans and Hispanics, especially those in inner city ghettoes, the number of births to teenagers is highest among white, nonpoor young women who live in mall cities and towns. (Calhoun 309) In addition to the question of which teenagers become pregnant, interest is shown in the social consequences of early parenthood. Adolescent parents (mostly mothers) may find that they have a â€Å"lost or limited opportunity for education. (Johnson 4) The higher a woman’s level of education, the more likely she is to postpone marriage and childbearing. Adolescents with little schooling are often twice as likely as those with more education to have a baby bafore their twentieth birthday. Some 58% of young women in he United States who receive less than a high school education give birth by the time they are twenty years old, compared with 13% of young women who complete at least twelve years of schooling. (Tunick 11) Teens who become pregnant during high school are more likely to drop out. Calhoun 310) A teen mother leaves school because she cannot manage the task of caring for a baby and studying, and a teen father usually chooses a job over school so that he can pay bills and provide for his child. (Johnson 4) Teen mothers usually have fewer resources than older mothers because they have had less time to gather avings or build up their â€Å"productivity† through work experience, education, or training. (Planned Parenthood 1) Because of this, teen mothers are generally poor and are dependent on government support. Newman 679) The welfare system is usually the only support a teen parent will receive. Welfare benefits are higher for families with absent fathers or dependent children. (Calhoun 309) In some cases, teen mothers may also receive help like Medicaid, Food Stamps, and â€Å"Aid to Families with Dependent Besides educational and financial problems, teenage mothers may face a great deal f emotional strain and may become very stressed. Teen mothers may have limited social contacts and friendships because they do not have time for anything other than their baby. Lack of a social life and time for herself may cause the teenage mother to become depressed or have severe mental anxiety. (Johnson 5) Depression may become worse for a teenage mother because she usually does not know much about child development or about how to care for their children. Children who are born to teenage mothers usually suffer from poor parenting. (Berk 188) Also, children of teenage parents start being exually active before their peers and they are more likely to become teenage parents themselves. These children may also suffer from financial difficulties similar to that of their parents. Children whose mothers are age seventeen or younger are three times as likely as their peers to be poor, and are likely to stay poor for a longer period of time. † (Calhoun 311) The children born to teenage mothers sometimes score lower on development tests than the children of older mothers. It seems that â€Å"rather than declining over time, educational deficits increase in severity and the children show lower academic chievement, higher drop out rates, and are more likely to be held back in school. † Teenage pregnancy comes with not only a child, but also many consequences. Teen mothers face greater health risks than older mothers, such as anemia, pregnancy induced hypertension, toxemia, premature delivery, cervical trauma, and even death. Many of these health risks are due to inadequate prenatal care and support, rather than physical immaturity. The teenage mother is more likely to be undernourished and suffer premature and prolonged labor. (Calhoun 311) The death rate from pregnancy omplications are much higher among girls who give birth under age fifteen. (Gormly 347) Poor eating habits, smoking, alcohol and drugs increase the risk of having a baby with health problems. Johnson 3) The younger the teenage mother is, the higher the chances are that she and her baby will have health problems. This is mainly due to late prenatal care (if any) and poor nutrition. (Planned Parenthood 1) An adolescent mother and her baby may not get enough nutrients and, because the mother’s body is not fully mature, she may have many complications throughout the duration of the pregnancy. Along with the mother, the children of teenage parents too often become part of a cycle of poor health, school failure, and poverty. Infants born to teenage mothers are at a high risk of prematurity, fragile health, the need for intensive care, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and mental retardation. (Johnson 5) Low birth weight is the most immediate health problem. Babies born to teenagers are often born too small, too soon. Low birthweight babies may have immature organ systems (brain, lungs, and heart), difficulty controlling body temperature and blood sugar levels, and a risk of dying in early infancy that is much igher than that of normal weight babies (five and one-half pounds or more). Calhoun 310) â€Å"The death rate for babies whose mothers are under fifteen years of age is double that of babies whose mothers are twenty to thirty years old. † (Johnson 5) Because of these extremely serious problems, many government, as well as local, organizations are fighting to stop the occurence of teenage pregnancy by helping to educate children of the risks involved and the consequences after. Some research indicates that â€Å"the percentage of teenage birthrates has declined simply because fewer eenagers are having sexual intercourse and more adolescents are using contraceptives. Researchers say that the recent trends in sexual activity and contraceptive use are the result of a number of factors, including greater emphasis on abstinence, more conservative attitudes about sex, fear of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, the popularity of long-lasting birthcontrol methods such as the contraceptive implant (Norplant) and the injectable (Depo-Provera), and even because of the economy. In addition, researchers say that young people have become somewhat more conservative in their views about casual ex and out-of-wedlock childbearing. Some attribute this change in attitude mainly to concern about sexually transmitted diseases. Others say that it is because of the involvement of conservative religious groups in the public debate over sexual behavior. Many researchers believe that the strong economy and the increasing availability of jobs at minimum wage have contributed to fewer births among teenagers. (Donovan 32) Americans, however, seem to be against some of the methods used by these various organizations to reduce the teen pregnancy rates. The most controversial aspect of adolescent pregnancy prevention is the growing movement to provide teenagers with easy access to contraceptives. † Most Americans believe that giving teenagers birthcontrol pills and/or condoms is the same as telling them that early sex is allowed. Some studies that were conducted in Europe show that some clinics in Europe that distribute contraceptives to teenagers have the same sexual activity rate as in the United States. However, in these European studies, it is apparent that teen pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates are Teenage pregnancy does cause many problems for the mother, child, and economy. There are, however, some incidences where the mother overcomes this down-hill trend and makes a successful life for her and her child. The outcome of teenage pregnancy turns out better if the mother goes back to school after she has given birth. (Berk 190) Staying in school may help to prevent teenage mothers from having a second pregnancy. (Planned Parenthood 2) The outcome is also better if the mother continues to live with her parents so that they can help to raise the child. Young, teen mothers need health care for themselves as well as their children. An adolescent mother also needs a great deal of encouragement to get her to remain in school. Single teenage mothers also need job training so that they can get a good job to support themselves and their children. Teen mothers need to be taught parenting and life-management skills and also need high quality and affordable daycare for their children. Schools that provide daycare centers on campus reduce the incidence of teenagers dropping out of school. These school programs also ecrease the likelihood that the teen mother will have more children. Because the government has begun to take action in preventing teen pregnancies, the rate has continued to decline. The large numbers of young people in America–as well as the values, health, education, skills they gain–will greatly affect the future of society. Therefore, increased attention should be given to the well-being of adolescents. Since greater care is being given to the young people, improvements are already occuring. The level of education that young people receive is much higher than that of their parents, and he â€Å"expectation that young people should obtain at least some secondary schooling† is growing. The numbers of women who have a child during their teen years is declining, and recognizing the impact of childbearing on education, parents and communities are continuing to discourage sexual activity, marriage, and motherhood at a young age. (Tunick 13) These recent trends, if continued, will more than likely educate the adolescent population about the risks and consequences of teenage pregnancy and reduce the incicence of teen pregnancy and childbirth altogether. How to cite Teen Pregnancy Issues in America, Essay examples

Behaviourism Learning Theory-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Critically analyse the Behaviourism Theory and discusses how it can be utilised for facilitating learning in the Clinical Environment. Answer: Learning theories act as the prime point of guidance that educational system utilises under different settings for planning a suitable teaching session. The educators base their teaching on the principles of these theories and apply their knowledge in an effective manner to adjust to the needs to the learners and different learning situations. Some of the commonly known learning paradigms include behaviourism, cognitivism, humanism, constructivism, and organisational learning (Pritchard 2013). Behaviorism learning theory works in the mentalmotive area as the application lies in guiding teachers to evaluate the clinical performance of professionals. Learning at the expertise level is explained by behaviourisms which are from the expected learning outcomes of the nursing (Kolb 2014). This learning paradigm can be applied in clinical learning setting to promote optimal learning for the students. There are a number of challenges to learning and teaching in such an environment. Having an in-depth knowledge of the contemporary educational approaches to learning facilitates learning. In addition, a positive workforce culture is also promoted. The theory underpins the decisions taken up by the educators about how to go about the clinical teaching process. Behaviorism learning theory has been long associated with the clinical learning experience of nurses across diverse settings (Rich 2013). The present essay critically analyses the behaviourism theory and discusses how it can be utilised for facilitating learning in the clinical environment. The paper describes the behaviourism learning theory and critically analyses the application of the theory within the clinical environment. It also suggests ways of how the theory can be used for facilitating the learning of nurses within the clinical environment for assisting the development of a learning culture. Behaviourism is one learning theory that has the focus on an objectively observable behaviour. Theorists of this learning approach define learning to be an acquisition of behaviours that are newly acquired on the basis of environmental conditions. The basis of behaviourist learning theory is the perception of learning as the product of stimulus conditions (S) and responses (R). It is therefore also termed as S-R model of learning. The learning process in this regard becomes simple. Educators utilising this approach is supposed to observe the responses of learners and then consider doing manipulations in the environment so that intended changes can be brought about. Behaviorist theory is widely used in diverse domains, including healthcare (Klein and Mowrer 2014). For modifying the responses and attitudes of the learners, the educators are to bring alteration in the stimulus conditions in the environment. The other process can be changing the results of the occurring response. Motivation is perceived as the willingness and eagerness to bring a reduction in some drive; therefore individuals who are satiated, complacent or satisfied have very less motivation to bring about changes in their learning process. Much practice is needed to bring about the transfer of initial learning situation to a different setting. This can be aided by a common feature between stimuli and responses in the present and future learning situations. Such form of learning is based mostly on respondent conditioning and operant conditioning procedures (Olson 2015). Respondent conditioning uses a stimulus condition wherein a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with a unconditioned stimulus (UNS). Learning can take place as desired when the newly conditioned stimulus (CS) is shows an association with the conditioned response (CR). Operant conditioning has the emphasis on alteration of a behaviour by reinforcing it. The reinforcer is any event or stimulus that is applied after observing the response for strengthening the chances of reoccurrence of the response. With the reinforcement of certain responses, behaviours can be made to decrease or increase. Reinforcement might be of two distinct types; positive and negative. A positive reinforcement is typically the application of a pleasant stimulus. It is a a reward that increases the chances of reoccurrence of the response to a great extent. Negative reinforcement is ideally the application of an unpleasant stimulus. It is a punishment that enures that an undesirable response does not exist in future (M ontin and Koivisto 014). Keating (2014) pinpoint that the learning theory of behaviourism is easy to be understood by educators since it is dependent on observable behaviour and universal laws of behaviour are taken into account. Both the positive and negative reinforcement techniques are effective, relying on the nature of the learning setting. From a rich pool of literature, it has been indicated that behaviourism theory can be employed in clinical settings for promoting behaviour of nurse learners. Behavioural contracts are beneficial when brining about a change in the behaviour of the student. For example, learners in the clinical settings might not be completing the assignments assigned to them. In such cases, the educator might design a contract that encourages the student to complete their assignments. Additional help from the educator might be one such contract. A second instance might be a student misbehaving in the classroom setting. A behavioural contract can be set up by mutual consent of both the learner and the educator for minimising the distractions (Schwarz 2017). McCormack, Manley and Titchen (2013) highlight the key aspects of applying the behaviourism learning theory into the clinical learning environment. Students in a clinical setting have different functions and roles to perform. The student-faculty re lationship can be taken to the advanced level with the conditioning model of behaviorism theory is applied correctly. Foundational to a teachers understanding of the clinical experience of a student can be best understood by the experiences and feelings of students. If an instructor is pleasant and has a positive attitude towards teaching, the students become increasingly concerned about their performance. Students have often reported that their aims and objectives for clinical practice have been enhanced under such cases. Satisfaction of the learners is important to facilitate the learning process. Masters (2015) has to say that the behavioural interventions require the clinicians to have a set of skills in order to respond to the stimuli. Since an assumption is to be made that the professionals are equipped with the qualities and skills fo undertaking a behavioural intervention, the issue of the success of the theory comes under doubt. Also, behaviorism leaning style does not prepare the students in a clinical setting to exhibit creative thinking or problem solving skills. When this learning style is applied, students are to only be instructed about what they are supposed to do. They are not encouraged to improve their actions or consider taking initiatives to bring about change. The student can only be prepared for performing automatic responses or recall basic duties and perform tasks accordingly. For example, a professional who is being taught the process of administering an injection to the patient would only learn the step of doing so. Thre would be no initiatives taken t o understand the underlying principles and the consequences of not adhering to any certain step of the complete procedure. Dorman and Banks (2016) argue that though the behaviourist theory or behaviourism is an easy and simple theory of learning that encourages objective and clear analysis of learner response, there are some cautions and criticisms that are to be considered. The prime issue related to the application of this learning theory is that it is predominantly a teacher-centred model and therefore the learners can be easily manipulated since they have a passive role to play. A critical ethical question therefore comes into light in this regard about how the decision about desirable behaviour would be taken, and by whom. Under many circumstances, the desired response of the learners is cooperation and conformity for making the task of teachers profitable or easier. The second issue that arises is that main focus of the theory is on external incentives, and such extrinsic rewards have chances of promoting and reinforcing materialism instead of any self-initiation or intrinsic satisfaction. The love and compassion for learning are often lacking in such cases. Glenn et al. (2016) further critics the theory by stating that research evidence that supports and promote behaviourist theory are not always applicable to normal human conditions. The theory can moreover efficiently condition learners towards carrying out tasks in particular ways. Lastly, the theory is a one-dimensional approach, and the necessity of a punishement is not justified. Bradshaw and Hultquist (2016) highlight the application of the behaviourist learning theory in the field of nursing education. As per the authors, the educators can make the provision for access to desired skills through carrying out the procedure of trial and errors. With the help of this method that is harmless, the students can gain desired nursing skills. If the results are satisfying, then the skills are strengthened. In case the results are unpleasant, the students who a tendency to find other possible alternative answers through trial and error method. The aim is to finally find the correct answer. The learning theory assumes that the minds of humans are made of different forces, such as judgement, attention, argument and memory. Such forces can be effectively strengthened through practising. This theory has been found to be applied in the field of nursing. Nursing students in a clinical learning environment face diverse points, each needing specialised combined forces. Hence, it is all-inclusive without being overpowering to combine all such forces collectively. As per the theory, if the desired behaviour is reinforced, chances are high that recurrent onset would be achieved and the learning goals would be finally reached. This is the function of agent conditioning. Such conditioning looks into how behaviours can be changed appropriately, and application lies in changing the academic behaviour of students within the educational environment (Oermann and Gaberson 2016). Wall (2016) in this regard that the method of agent conditioning can be suitably applied when the aim is to teach clinical skills to nurses. At the initial stage, the educator must encourage the initial behaviours of each procedure for implementing the procedures in a complete manner. Later, the educator must encourage them to completely comprehend and put into practice the accurate procedures. Establishment and maintenance of behavioural conduct are enhanced by such encouragement. Educators can consider teaching each procedure through the provision of information provided to the learner before the procedure is started. The results might be pleasing and desirable such as admiration of the peers. Every positive or negative behaviour has the basis on the understanding level of the learner from consequences of behaviour. One instance of positive reinforcement practice can be attributed to a scenario when a student nurse is about to gain lessons about aseptic dressing techniques. The educator might provide praises at every step while the student is learning; preparation of the patient, handwashing and so on. The behaviour of the nurse student can be reformed in this manner until the complete procedure is learnt by the student. The praise is to be given for achieving the correct performance and becoming intermittent. Another instance can be teaching how to administer an injection to the patient. The educator can provide support and praises by exclaiming that the nurse had done a good job in pulling back the syringe or handling patient pain (Schilling 2016). From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the behaviorist learning theory is predominantly valuable for learner when they need to build up competencies and demonstrate technical skills. The learning theory has been found to be more advantageous when the learner aims at bringing about a change in the behaviour as the result of any form of educational intervention. Behaviorist learning principle has gained prominence in nursing education. The strengths of behaviourism theory encompass the fact that the basis of the theory is on observable behaviours. Teachers can, therefore, collect and quantify the information in relation to the degree of learning demonstrated by the students. Maladaptive learning behaviours can be changed through the application of this learning process. Opponents have criticised the theory by stating that the approach is profoundly one-dimensional and there is no scope for its application if there is an absence of reinforcement. In addition, mind activity is disregarded when this learning approach is considered. It is to be finally stated that supporting learning-centred approaches is solely dependent on the clinical situation and the nursing cohort who are the learners under that particular situation References Bradshaw, M. and Hultquist, B.L., 2016.Innovative teaching strategies in nursing and related health professions. Jones Bartlett Learning. Dorman, T. and Banks, M.C., 2016. Continuing Education in Critical Care Medicine. InSurgical Intensive Care Medicine(pp. 873-882). Springer International Publishing. Glenn, S.S., Malott, M.E., Andery, M.A.P.A., Benvenuti, M., Houmanfar, R.A., Sandaker, I., Todorov, J.C., Tourinho, E.Z. and AbreuVasconcelos, L., 2016. Toward consistent terminology in a behaviorist approach to cultural analysis.Behavior and Social issues,25, p.11. Keating, S.B., 2014. Learning theories, education taxonomies, and critical thinking.Evaluation in nursing, p.61. 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